2018 Nobel Prize Winners

Chemistry

Frances H. Arnold

for the directed evolution of enzymes

George P. Smith

for the phage display of peptides and antibodies

Sir Gregory P. Winter

for the phage display of peptides and antibodies

Economic Sciences

William D. Nordhaus

for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis

Paul M. Romer

for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis

Literature

Olga Tokarczuk

for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life

Peace

Denis Mukwege

for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict

Nadia Murad Basee Taha

for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict

Physics

Arthur Ashkin

for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems

Gérard Mourou

for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses

Donna Strickland

for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses

Physiology or Medicine

James P. Allison

for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation

Tasuku Honjo

for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation