2002 Nobel Prize Winners

Chemistry

John B. Fenn

for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules

Koichi Tanaka

for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules

Kurt Wüthrich

for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution

Economic Sciences

Daniel Kahneman

for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty

Vernon L. Smith

for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms

Literature

Imre Kertész

for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history

Peace

James Earl Carter

for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development

Physics

Raymond Davis Jr.

for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos

Masatoshi Koshiba

for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos

Riccardo Giacconi

for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources

Physiology or Medicine

Sydney Brenner

for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death

H. Robert Horvitz

for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death

John E. Sulston

for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death