2000 Nobel Prize Winners

Chemistry

Alan J. Heeger

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Alan G. MacDiarmid

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Hideki Shirakawa

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

Economic Sciences

James J. Heckman

for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples

Daniel L. McFadden

for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice

Literature

Gao Xingjian

for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama

Peace

Kim Dae-jung

for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular

Physics

Zhores I. Alferov

for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics

Herbert Kroemer

for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics

Jack S. Kilby

for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit

Physiology or Medicine

Arvid Carlsson

for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system

Paul Greengard

for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system

Eric R. Kandel

for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system