1993 Nobel Prize Winners

Chemistry

Kary B. Mullis

for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method

Michael Smith

for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies

Economic Sciences

Robert W. Fogel

for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change

Douglass C. North

for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change

Literature

Toni Morrison

who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality

Peace

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa

Frederik Willem de Klerk

for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa

Physics

Russell A. Hulse

for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation

Joseph H. Taylor Jr.

for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation

Physiology or Medicine

Richard J. Roberts

for their discoveries of split genes

Phillip A. Sharp

for their discoveries of split genes