1988 Nobel Prize Winners

Chemistry

Johann Deisenhofer

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Robert Huber

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Hartmut Michel

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

Economic Sciences

Maurice Allais

for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources

Literature

Naguib Mahfouz

who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind

Peace

United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

for preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations

Physics

Leon M. Lederman

for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Melvin Schwartz

for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Jack Steinberger

for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino

Physiology or Medicine

Sir James W. Black

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

Gertrude B. Elion

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

George H. Hitchings

for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment