1978 Nobel Prize Winners

Chemistry

Peter D. Mitchell

for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory

Economic Sciences

Herbert A. Simon

for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations

Literature

Isaac Bashevis Singer

for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life

Peace

Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat

for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978

Menachem Begin

for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978

Physics

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics

Arno Allan Penzias

for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation

Robert Woodrow Wilson

for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation

Physiology or Medicine

Werner Arber

for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics

Daniel Nathans

for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics

Hamilton O. Smith

for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics